LINUX COMMANDS:-

 

[root@localhost~] #ls: List of contents

                               #ls-l: List of contents with attributes

                               #ls-l! More: Page wise

                               #mkdir: Make directory

                               #cd “dirname”: change directory

                               #cd...: Move back to the previous directory

                               #cal: Calender of month

                               #cal2004: Calender for the year 2004

                               #be: Calculator

                               #date: For the current date

                               #init 0: shut down

                               #init 6: restart

                               # Reboot: restart

                               # Exit: logout

                               # Clear: clearscreen

                               # Halt: shut down

                               # Pwd: present working directory

                               # Touch (filename): make an empty file

                               # Cat (filename): show the contents of file

                               # VI (filename): to edit the file

                               # Cp: to copy the contents from one DIR to another

                               # Rm: to delete files and directories

                               # Gzip: used to compress files

                               # gzip-d: used to decompress

                                 # Rm [file name]: to delete a file

         # Rm –RF [file/dir.name]: to delete a file or directory with data in it.           

 

 

 

 

                                               

THERE ARE SOME IMPORATANT COMMANDS TO OPERATE LINUX NOW

 

 

HOW TO USE COMMANDS IN THERE STEP WISE.                         STEP_1

    [root@localhst~]# Root

                                    # Balakinc________password to login in the root.

                                    #tty______________to check the terminal that is used.     

                                    #whoami _________to check the user account in which login.

                                    #mkdir {name} _____to make directory.

                                    #cd {name} ________to open directory.

                                    #clear    / [ctrl+l] _____to clear screen.

                                    #pwd_____________to check the current directory {print working                                                                                                                                             directory}.

                                    #cd..._____________to close only one directory in which working                                 #cd_______________to close all directories & go to root.

                                    #LS________________to checks the list of directories.

                                    #ls-l________________to check attributes wise.

                                    #ls-l! more___________to check page wise.

                                    #LL________________to check directories long list wise.                                                 #dir________________also to check the directories but no any diff                                                                          between files n directories. in colors

                                    #rm –rf [name]_______to delete something.

                                    #Directories are of blue color.

                                    #Files are of white color.                                                                                                                                                 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                                                                                                        STEP_2

                                    #cd [name] ___________to enter in the directory.

                                    #touch [name]_________to make a file.

                                    #echo “text something” > [filename]___ to write in file with deleting

                                                                                    __the previous text.

                                    # echo “text something” >>[filename]__ to write without delete the

                                                                                                            ___ previous text . or add

                                    #cat [filename] _________  to check  the contents of the file.

 

 

                                                                                                            STEP_3

                                    #cat > [filename]______ to enter in a file n add a paragraph with

                                                                        _____ the previous content .

                                    #cat >> [filename]_____ to enter in a file to add paragraph without de                                                                           _____ delete the old data.

                                    #ctrl+d _______________to save & exit from the file.

                                    # ctrl+c_______________withoput save& exit  from the file.

 

Remember:___[ >] ____ old data will be deleting.

                     :__[ >>] ____Old data will not delete.       

                                   

                                   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                                                                                            STEP_4

                                   

How TO Work In The Editors:_______________________Its Important.

 

Three Editors:___[vi] Editor.

                          :___[vim] Editor.

                          :___[nano] Editor.

 

 

                                                                                                                                   

                                    # vi [filename] ________to enter in an editor.

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                    #editor have two modes[insert mode] & [escape mode] can not write

                                    In an editor in escape mode therefore we have to go to insert  mode.

                                    # press[ insert button] / [i] _____ to go to insert mode.

                                    # press[ escape] ______________to return to escape mode

                        _____________Because we can only save & exit on escape mode.

 

                                    # :wq_________ to save & exit.

                                    # :q ___________without save & exit from editor.

 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 

 

 

           

 

 

COMMANDS FOR USERS AND GROUPS :-___________________________

# useradd name :______ to add a user

# passwd name :_______ password for new user .

______________________password is the must  for the any user or group b coz without

                                                Password no any one is login the linux.

Password is must________________________________________________

 

# groupadd : __________to create a new group

# gpasswd name :______ password for new group

 

USER DELETE_______________________________________________

# userdel pop     __________ to delete user.

 

 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 

 

 

 

 

 

SHUT DOWN /RESTART/_______________ RETURN TO GUI MODE__________________

 

# init 0 :___________to shutdown the pc.

# halt   :___________to shutdown pc.

# shutdown –h now _to shutdown.

 

# init 6 :___________restart pc.

# reboot :__________restart pc.

 

 

# init 5 :___________return to GUI mode. sometimes pc does not return to the gui mode

                                       Use this command to return to the gui mode.

 

 

 

 

HOW TO GIVE IP IN LINUX____________________________________________      

 

 

# setup __________to enter In the setup for give ip.

                                    1__select [network configuration ] option.

                                    2__ok.

 

 

Then a window appers.___

if the [*] is on the dhcp then it automatically dicover ip from dhcp server.

 

 

MANUALLY IP__to manually give ip to pc remove [*] from  the dhcp using SPACE

                        Then enter the IP + SUBNET and  then OK>QUIT>QUIT.

 

 

 

Then to change the ip u must run the

 

# service network restart _____ to restart the network services after this command the

                                                ______ip  will be  change.

                        Must run this  coammnd after change the ip 

 

To check the ip address__________________________________________

 

# ifconfig____________to check ip .

# ip addr ______________to check ip.

 

 

Network service____________________________________________________________

every  time we start the pc it checks for the network & check for the ip change or change in the other network services changes. it takes lots of time

 

to permanently on / off the network services.___________

 

# chkconfig network on .________ to permanently on the service.

# chkconfig network off _________to permanently off the service.

 

 

KERNAL version___________________________________________________________

 

# uname –r _______ t o check the kernal version .

 

 

OS_______________________________________________________________________

 

# uname ______________ to check the o/s version.

 

 

HDD_______________________________________________________________________

 

# fdisk –l _________to check all  detail of the hard disk.

# df –th___________to check which partition is In use.

 

 

DELETE_____________________________________________________                                                                                                                               

#rm [file name] ______used to delete only files.

 

#rm dir [directory name] __to delete  empty directory.

 

#rm –rf [director name] ___ to dekete directories having data.

 

 

 

CALANDER___________________________________________________________

 

#cal ___________ to see calander.

# cal 8 2008 _____ to see month wise.

# cal 2008 _______year wise.

 

 

CALCULATOR___________________________________________________________

 

# bc ________ to enter ini a calculator.

# exit________to exit the bc.

 

 

 

COPY DATA______________________________________________________________

 

 

SUPPOSE WE HAVE TWO FILES IN A ROOT [AA] / [BB]

 

To copy the data of a file into other

 

# cat aa > bb __ to copy from aa to bb with deleting of previous data  in bb.

# cat aa >> bb ___ to copy without deleting data of bb or add in bb.

 

 

FROM DIRECTORY_______________________________________________

two dir.. [aaa]/ [bbb]

 

 

# cp /root/aaa/* /root/bbb ____ to copy only files from aaa to bbb.

 

# cp –var /root/aaa/* /root/bbb ___  t o copy all the data.

 

# cp –var /root/aaa/a* /root/bbb___ to copy files starting from [a].

 

 

MOVE / CUT PASTE________________________________________________

 

# mv –var /root/aaa/* /root/bbb _ to cut / paste or move all data from aaa to bbb.

 

 

 

PASSWORD CHANGE _______________________________________________________

 

# passwd____ to change root password.

    New --------------

   Retype-----------------.

                                                Successfully done.

 

 

# passwd pop _________ to change user  password.

            New--------------------

            Retype-----------------------

                                                            Successfully done.

 

SWAP POSITION_______________________________________________________

 

# swapon –s _______ to check swap detail.

 

 

 

MOUNT POINT REFRESH______________________________________________

# mount –a   __________ to refresh mounting point.

 

 

 

 

CHANGE BOOT LOGIN NAME_& MASSAGE OF THE DAY motd._______________

 

# vi /etc/issue_________boot login name change __ open it and edit the file.

 

 

# vi /etc/motd _______change massage of the day __ open and edit the file .

 

 

 

CHANGE LANGUAGE OF SYSTEM_______________________________________

 

# system-config-language __ to change language.

 

 

 

MAKE A HIDDEN FILE __________________________________________________

 

 

#touch .[filename] _____ use a [.] dot before the file name to make a hidden file.

 

 

            Dot

 

 

HOW TO OPEN A FILE LIKE THIS __NAME ______________________________________

 

USHER CONFESSION

 

 

# cd U{ then press [tab]} to open the file as

# cd USHER-\ CONFESSION ______________ and the file is open .

 

 

 

 

                        COMMANDS OF LINUX IMPORTANT

 

# vim   -r  {anyfilename} ___ to recover file if any changes made to file run this                                                     command in the directory of the file.

 

 

# system-config-display ____to set the display of the monitor to change resolution.

 

# vi   /etc/services __________ to check all the port numbers and all services of Linux.

 

#w ____________________ to show the all information of the user on which u login

 

Post By: Narmeet Singh